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FRUITS 



OF THE 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 



Vol. I. 



GERRIT PARMILE WILDER 



yiililliiliilllliiltiillliillilllliiiili; 



Fruits 

OF THE 

Hawaiian Islands 

BY 

GERRIT PARMILE WILDER 



IN THREE VOLUMES 

Vol. I. 

Illustrated by Thirty-Six Half-Tone Plates with 
Descriptions of Same 



Copyright December, 1906, by 
Gerrit Parmile Wilder 



HONOLULU 
Published by The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. 
1907 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Cooles Received 
MAY 13 ]907 
Copyright Entry 

CUSS A XXc,W 



/ 



Preface. 

In introducing to tlie public this book on the ''Fruits of the 
Hawaiian Islands," I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for 
assistance in my researches, to A-arious works on Horticulture, 
and to many personal friends for their valuable assistance. 

^ly intention is to present this work in a series of three volumes, 
and I trust that, when complete, they will contain a comprehensive 
list of the Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands. 

Gerrit Parmile Wilder. 



Index. 



Pages 

Preface 3 

Persea gratissima, Plate 1 6 — 7 

Persea gratissima, Plate II 8 — 9 

Persea gratiss-ima, Plate III 10 — 11 

Punica Granatum, Plate IV 12 — 13 

Ficiis Carica^ Plate V 14—15 

Ficus Carica, Plate YI 16—17 

Fieus Carica, Plate VII 18—19 

Eugenia malaccensis, Plate VIII 20 — 21 

Eugenia sp., Plate IX 22—23 

Eugenia alba, Plate X 24—25 

Eugenia sp., Plate XI 26—27 

Eugenia Jambos, Plate XII 28—29 

Eugenia brasiliensis, Plate XIII.. 30 — 31 

Eugenia uniflora, Plate XIV 32—33 

Eugenia Janibolana, Plate XV 34 — 35 

Eugenia Jambolana, Plate XVI 36 — 37 

Averrhoa Carambola, Plate XVII 38—39 

Achras Sapota, Plate XVIII.... 40—41 

Casimiroa edulis, Plate XIX 42—43 

Prunus Persica, Plate XX 44 — 45 

Chrysophyllum Cainito, Plate XXI 46—47 

Chrys-ophyllum Cainito, Plate XXII .48—49 

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Plate XXIII 50 — 51 

Chrysophyllum sp., Plate XXIV 52—53 

Spondias dulcis, Plate XXV 54—55 

Spondias lutea, Plate XXVI 56—57 

Mammea americana, Plate XXVII 58 — 59 

Tamarindus indica, Plate XXVIII 60—61 

Durio zibethinus, Plate XXIX 62—63 

Aleurites triloba, Plate XXX 64—65 

Coffea arabica, Plate XXXI ......66—67 

Coffea liberica, Plate XXXII 68—69 

Cookia punctata, Plate XXXIII 70—71 

Physalis peruviana, Plate XXXIV 72—73 

Carica Papaya, Plate XXXV 74—75 

Carica Papaya, Plate XXXVI 76—77 



6 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE I. 

Per sea gratissima. 

AVOCADO, PALTA CR ALLIGATOR PFAR. 

Grown in the garden of Gerrit Wilder. 



7 




Plate l.—Az'ocado. 



8 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE 1 I . 

Persea gratissiuia. 

AVOCADO. 

This spreading evergreen tree is a native of the West Indies. 
In the Hawaiian Islands, the first trees of its kind were said to 
have been planted in Pauoa Valley, Oahu, by Don Marin. It at- 
tains a height of from 10-40 feet, and is adverse to drought. Its 
leaves are elliptico-oblong, from 4-7 inches in length. The flowers 
are greenish-yellow and downy. The fruit, which ripens from 
June until November, is a round or pear-shaped drupe, covered 
with a thin, rather tough skin, which is either green or purple in 
color. The flesh is yellow, firm and marrow-like, and has a 
delicious nutty flavor. The seed-cavity is generally large, con- 
taining one round or oblong seed, covered by a thin, brown, 
parchment-like skin. The quality of the pear is judged, not only 
by its flavor, but by the presence or absence of strings or flbre 
in the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to the 
size of the seed. Innumerable variations as to size, shape, and 
quality have been produced from seedlings — some of which may 
be seen in the accompanying illustration. The Avocado is easily 
reproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties may 
be obtained in this manner. 



9 




Plate II. — Avocado. 

One third natural size. 



10 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlaTE III. 

Persea grafissima. 

GUATAMALA AVOCADO. 

This variety is a native of Mexico, and although known as the 
Guatamala Avocado, it is more commonly to be found in the 
markets of the City of Mexico. Its leaves are purplish-green. 
The flowers which appear in May and June, are like those of the 
preceding variety ; and the drupe, which matures in the early 
part of the year, has a long stem. This fruit is round, from 
3-5 inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind, which 
when ripe, is a deep claret color, and the meat which is a golden- 
yellow, is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free from 
strings or fibres. There are but two trees of this variety bear- 
ing fruit in Honolulu. They were propagated from seeds brought 
here in 1890 by Admiral Beardsley. These two trees are grow- 
ing in private gardens. 



IT 




Plate III. — Avocado. 

One halt natural size. 



12 



G. P. ]V. Collection. Pl.ATE IV. 

Piuiica Granatmn. 

POMEGRANATE. 

The name was derived from the word punicus, of Carthage, 
near which city it is said to have been discovered; hence mahtm- 
punicum, Apple of Carthage, which was the early -name of the 
Pomegranate. It is a native of Northern Africa, and of South- 
western Asia, and is grown in the Himalayas up to an elevation 
of 6000 feet. It is a deciduous shrub, which by careful training 
can be made to grow into a tree from 10-15 feet high. Many 
shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should be cut away, 
as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems. 
The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and some- 
what thorny. The bark contains about 32 per cent, tannin, and 
is used for dying the yellow Morocco-leather. The peel of the 
fruit serves also as a dye. There are several varieties of Pome- 
granate growing in Hawaii ; the double-flowering variety is popu- 
lar as an ornamental plant. All of the varieties are of easy cul- 
ture, and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripe 
wood. The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a glossy-green 
with red veins. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in small 
clusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. The 
fruit is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistent 
calyx, and is made up of many small compartments arranged in 
two series, one above the other. The crisp, sweet, watery pink 
pulp enveloping each seed, is the edible portion of the Pomegrante. 



Plate l\ .—Foniegrajiaft 

One half natural size. 



G. P. U\ Collection. PlatE V. 

Ficiis Carica (common variety). 

FIG. 

The Fig is the most ancient, as weh as one of the most vahiable 
of all fruit trees. Its name is nearly the same in all European 
languages. The tree is supposed to be a native of Caria in Asia 
]\Iinor. The intelligent cultivators of Anatolia by whom the 
Smyrna Figs are produced, adhere to the caprification process, 
used from time immemorial. In California, efforts have been 
made to test this process. In the Hawaiian Islands, the Portu- 
guese seem to be the most successful cultivators of the Fig, and 
several varieties are to be found throughout the group. This 
common variety grows to a height of from 10-20 feet, is hardy, 
and can easily be propagated from cuttings. Its leaves are alter- 
nate, 3-5 deeply lobed, and are shed during the fall months, at 
which season careful pruning will increase the following year's 
yield. The fruit is single, appearing from the axils of the leaves, 
on the new wood. It is a hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, contain- 
ing m.any minute seeds, scattered throughout a soft pinkish-white 
pulp. 




Plate W—Fi'o-. 

One halt natural size. 



G. P. W. Collection. 



Ficus Carica. 



Plate VI. 



FIG. 

Some years ago, this variety of Fig was to be found growing 
in large numbers at Makawao, and in the Kula district of Maui. 
Now, however, there are few, if any trees remaining, as a de- 
structive bHght, together with the lack of proper attention, has 
caused their extermination. This variety is very prolific. The 
fruit is small, pear-shaped, and has a particularly sweet and 
delicious flavor. 




Plate — Fig* 

One bait natural size. 



j8 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE VII. 

Ficus Carica (white or lemon variety). 

FIG. 

This is a low-growing tree with compact foliage. The leaves 
are small, and the fruit is round-turbinate, about i-i^ inches in 
diameter. The skin is very thin, is light-green in color, turning 
to a greenish-yellow when thoroughly ripe. The pulp is pink, 
very sweet, and when quite ripe is free from milky juice. This 
variety is also prolific, is easily dried, and on this account would 
find a ready sale in our markets. 




Plate VW.-Fig, 

One half natural size 



20 



G. P. H\ Collection. PlaTE VIII. 

Eugenia inalacccnsis. 

MOUNTAIN APPLE, ''OHIA AI." - 

This tree is found on all the large islands of the Polynesian 
groups, and in the Alalaysian Archipelago. In the Hawaiian 
Islands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist, shady val- 
leys, and thrives well, up to an elevation of 1800 feet. It is gener- 
ally gregarious, and on the north side of East ]\Iaui it forms a 
forest belt. It attains a height of from 25-50 feet. Its dark, 
shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite, elliptico-oblong, and from 
6-7 inches long, and from 2^-3 inches broad. The flowers are 
crimson flufify balls, appearing in ]\Iarch and April, on the naked 
branches and upper trunk of the tree. The fruit, which ripens 
from July until December, generally contains one seed, is obovate, 
about 3 inches in diameter. The skin is so thin as to be barely 
perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. In color, it is a 
deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white; the pulp is firm, 
white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor. 




Plate WW.— Mountai^t Apple. 

One third natural size. 



22 



G. P. W. Collection. PlaTE IX. 

Eugenia sp (Solomon Island variety). 

WATER APPLE. 

This low-growing tree is very rare in the Hawaiian Islands. 
It was introduced here, from the Solomon Islands, by Mr. A. 
Jaeger. The foliage and crimson flowers resemble those of the 
Eugenia melaccensis, but the drupe is not so highly colored, and 
is, in shape, much more elongated. Specimens of this sweet edible 
fruit have measured 5 inches in length. 



23 




Plate Water Apple. 

One fourth natural size. 



24 



G. P W. Collection. ' PlatE X. 

Eugenia alba (white variety). • 

WATER APPLE. 

This tree is a native of the Malay Islands. The foliage is 
symmetrical, and its -opposite shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate, 
and obtusely-acuminate. The pure w^hite flowers, which bloom 
from ]\Iarch until June, are about ^2 -inch in diameter, and are pro- 
duced in bunches on the naked branches. The fruit, which is 
also produced in bunches, ripens in October. It is transversely 
oval in shape, about i-i^ inches in diameter at its largest end. 
It contains from 1-3 Leeds. Even when quite ripe, the fruit re- 
mains pure white in color, and has a tart, insipid flavor. 



25 




Plate Y^.— Water Apple. 

One half natural size. 



26 



G P. W. Collection. ' PlATR XI. 

Eugenia sp. (red variety). 

WATER APPLE. 

This low-growing tree with its bright evergreen fohage, is not 
common in Hawaii. The flowers are small, deep crimson, and ap- 
pear on the branches either singly or in bunches. The contrast 
between these brilliant flowers, and the fresh green leaves makes 
a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom. The fruit, 
which ripens in July, appears in clusters ; it is the same shape as 
that of the preceding variety, but in color it is a bright scarlet. 
It contains from 1-3 seeds, which are somewhat difficult to germ- 
inate. The fruit is crisp, watery, and has a sub-acid flavor. 



27 




Plate ^\.— Water Apple. 

One third natural size. 



2S 



G. P. IV. Collection. Pl.ATE XTI. 

Eugenia Jauihos. 

ROSE APPLE. 

This evergreen tree, which is a native of the V/est Indies, is 
of medium size, reaching a height of from 20-30 feet. It grows 
well in Hawaii, and is found at an elevation of 2000 feet. It is 
propagated from seed, as well as from cuttings of the ripe wood. 
The leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, thick and shiny. The large, 
fluffy flowers which appear from January until April, are pro- 
duced freely, and are a beautiful creamy-white. The fruit is a 
somewhat compressed, globular shell, varying in size from 1-2 
inches in diameter, and with a large cavity, containing generally 
one seed. This shell, which is the edible portion of the fruit, is 
a light-creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on one side ; it 
requires from 2-2^ months to mature. It is firm, crisp, and has 
a delicious flavor somewhat resembling an apricot, and with a 
rose odor. The season for the fruit varies according to the eleva- 
tion, but ends about August or September, 



29 




Plate YA\.—Rose Apple. 

One half natural size. 



30 



G. P. W. Collection PlATE XIII. 

Eugenia hrasiliensis. 

BRAZILIAN PLUM, OR SPANISH CHERRY. 

This evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, which in many 
countries is said to reach a height of but 6 feet, in Hawaii attains 
a height of 20 feet ; and aUhough it thrives in comparatively high 
altitudes, it bears best below the 200-foot elevation, and requires 
considerable moisture. The bluntish, dark, shiny leaves, which 
are scale-like along the branches, are obovate, oblong, and about 3 
inches in length. The blossoming season varies according to the 
location, however, the tree generally has flowers and fruit from 
July until December. The fruit is the size of a cherry, is deep 
purple in color, and the persistent calyx is very prominent. The 
sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor. 

Probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by 
Don Marin, about a century ago. Some fine trees may be found 
in Pauoa and Makiki valleys, and also in Nuuanu, in the garden 
which formerly belonged to Dr. Hillebrand. 



3^ 




Plate XIII. — Brazilian Plum, or Spanish Cherry. 
One half natural size. 



/ 



32 



G. P. U . Collection PlATE XIV. 

Eugenia ^iniflora. 

FRENCH CHERRY. 

This shrub is said to be a native of Brazil. In Hawaii, it is a 
common garden plant, sometimes reaching a height of lo feet. 
Its glossy leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and its peduncles short. 
It has small, single, white fragrant flowers. The mature fruit, 
which resem.bles a cherry, is about i inch in diameter, and is 
ribbed longitudinally. It has a delicious, spicy, acid flavor. 
There is generally one large, round, smooth seed. 



33 




Plate ^IV .—French Cherry. 

One third natural size. 



34 



G. P. ir. Collection ' PlATE XV. 

Eugenia Jaiiiholana. 

PORTUGUESE PLU^E. 

This tall, hardy tree is a native of Southern Asia. In Polynesia 
it ^rows well, up to an elevation of 5000 feet. It is a very com- 
mon tree in the Hawaiian Islands. Its leaves, which are from 
4-6 inches long, and from 2-3 inches broad, are opposite, obtuse 
or shortly-acuminate. The flowers, which bloom in June, July 
and August, are white and quite fragrant, and are especially at- 
tractive to the honey-bee. The oblong fruit grows in large 
clusters, ripens from September until November, and varies in 
size from a cherry to a pigeon's egg. It is purplish-black in 
color, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. It contains one 
large oblong seed. 




Plate XV. — Poj^tuguese Plum. 

One half natural size. 



86 



G. P. jr. Collection. . PlaTE XVI. 

Eugenia Jainbolana (small variety). 

PORTUGUESE PLUM. 

This tree, which is also very common in the Hawaiian Islands, 
is said to have been introduced by Dr. Hillebrand. It bears but 
one crop a year, will grow in any soil, and withstands dry weather. 
The foliage is smaller than that of the preceding variety ; its leaves 
are narrower, and a lighter green in color. It blooms at about 
the same time of year, but its flowers are not as large, and appear 
in thick bunches. The purplish fruit ripens from September 
until December. 



37 




Plate VI. — Portuguese Plum. 

One half natural size. 



3^ 



G. P. IF. Collect ion. PlATE XVII. 

Averrhoa Carambola. 

This tree, which is said to have been nam_ed after Averrhoes, 
an Arabian physician, is a native of Insular India, and is much 
cuUivated in India and China. It is evergreen, with dense fohage, 
and grows to a height of from 15-20 feet. It is easily propa- 
gated from seeds, and fruits in about three years. In Hawaii it 
bears one crop annually, the flowers appearing in July and the 
fruit in November and December. The leaves are alternate, odd- 
pinnate. The flowers, which are borne in clusters on the naked 
stems and branches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading 
from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red. The fruit, varying in 
size from a hen's egg to an orange, is ovate, and has 5 acutely- 
angled longitudinal ribs. The fragrant light-yellow skin is very 
thin, and the pulp is watery ; it contains a number of flat brown 
seeds. This fruit is of two varieties : the sweet, which may be 
eaten raw, and the acid which is delicious when preserved. A 
very appetizing pickle may be made from the half-ripe fruit of 
the acid variety. 



39 




Plate X\^II. — Aierrhoa Carauibola. 



40 



G. P. IF. Collection PlATE XVIII. 

Achras Sapota. 

SAPODILLA, OR NASEBERRY. 

This tree, which grows on almost all of the Islands of the 
•Hawaiian group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from 
IO-20 feet, and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm 
countries. The bark possesses tonic properties, and from, the 
juice chewing-gun is made. Its foliage is- dense, and the shiny 
leaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire, and clustered at the ends 
of the branches. The flowers which are small, whitish, and per- 
fect, are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season. The 
fruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the oblong, 
is about the size of a hen's egg. It has a rough skin, the color 
of a russet apple, beneath which is a firm, somewhat stringy, 
sweet pulp, having the flavor of an apricot. This pulp is divided 
into 10-12 compartments, and contains from 4-6 large, flat, 
smooth black seeds. 




Plate XVIII. — Sapodilla, or Naseberry, 

One half natural size. 



42 



G p. W. Collection. pLATE XIX. 

Casiiuiroa c dulls. 

WHITE SAPOTA. 

This tree, which is a native of ^Mexico, is said to have been 
named after Cardinal Casimiro Gomez. The first tree of its 
kind in Hawaii, was planted in 1884, at the Government Nursery, 
Honolulu. The seed came from Santa Barbara, California, where 
there grows today, a tree more than 80 years old, and which still 
bears its fruit. It is a tall evergreen with irregular branches ; 
its digitate leaves are dark and glossy. The trunk is ashen grey, 
with warty excrescences. The fruit, which matures in April 
and ]\Iay, is large, 1-4 inches in diameter; it is depressed- 
globular and somewhat ribbed, like a tomato; in color it is a light 
green, turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very thin 
skin. The pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe papaia, 
and has a melting, peach-like flavor. It contains from 1-3 large 
oblong seeds which are said to be deleterious. 



43 




Plate YAY..— White Sapota. 

One third natural size. 



44 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE XX. 

PriDiiis Persica. 

PEACH. 

The Peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous ta 
Persia, while by others it is claimed to be a native of China. It 
is a hardy tree, and has been known to bear fruit precociously 
even in the second year after planting. If allowed to do so, the 
Peach will grow to a height of about 15 feet; but it should be 
pruned annually, in order to secure a good crop. Its leaves are 
lanceolate and coarsely serrate. The flowers are solitary, pink in 
color, and appear before the leaves. The fruit is soft and 
pubescent at maturity. The stone is deeply pitted and very 
hard. There are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and 
the free-stone. 

Ulupalakua and Makawao, Maui, once had the reputation of 
growing finely flavored seedling peaches ; however, many of these 
trees have been injured by cattle, and others have been destroyed 
by root-fungus and insect pests. In several localities in Hawaii 
good peaches have been grown from imported varieties. 




Plate XX —/'W?. 

One half natural size. 



46 



G. F. w. Collection. Plate XXI. 

Chrysopliylhnn Cainito (purple variety). 

STAR APPLE. 

This tree is a native of the West Indies, and ahhough not com- 
mon in Hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in many 
gardens. It has large irregular spreading branches, grows to, a 
height of from 10-25 feet, and has rather thick foliage. Propaga- 
tion is ordinarily effected by seeds, which germinate readily, when 
fresh. It can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood. The 
tree derives its name from the words ''chrysos," gold, and 
"phyllon," a leaf ; referring to the golden-russet color of the un- 
der-side of the beautiful, glossy green leaves. The small flowers, 
which appear from June until October, are solitary at the nodes, 
or in fascicles. The fruit, which ripens in April, is round, about 
3; inches in diameter, has a smooth tough rind, about 1/16 inch 
thick, which is a deep purple in color. A cross-section of the 
fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds, and 
the star-shaped core, from which the fruit derives its common 
name of Star Apple. Unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe, its 
milky juice is remarkably astringent. 



47 




Plate XXL— .S'/ar Apple, 

One halt natural size. 



48 



G. P. W. Collection^ PlATE XXII. 

ChrysophyUiiin Cainito (white variety). 

STAR APPLE. 

This tree, which will bear fruit in four or five years, has about 
the same characteristics as that of the preceding variety. The 
fruit is somewhat larger, and is not quite so sweet. In color it 
is a pale green, shaded with purple. 



49 




Plate XXII.— 5A?r Apple. 

One half natural size. 



50 



G. P. W. CoUection. PlaTE XXI T I. 

Chrysophylluni inonopyrcnuin. 

This small tree, which is indigenous to the West Indies, is also' 
a native of Southern Florida, and is to be found as an ornamental 
plant in many localities of tropical America. In Jamaica it is 
called the "Damson Plum/' Its small single white flowers are 
highly perfumed. The fruit, which matures from August until 
December, is small, ovoid-oblong, and when ripe is purplish- 
black ; when bruised it emits a white sticky juice. It contains one 
large seed. Specimens of this tree are to be found growing in the 
grounds of the Queen's Hospital and at the Government Nursery, 
Honolulu. 



51 




Plate XXIII, — Chrvsophylluin Monopyremnn, 
One half natural size. 



52 



G. P. W. Collection. PlATE XXIV' 

Chrysophyllum sp. 

This handsome evergeen tree, with its bright glossy green 
leaves, is very suitable for hedges and wind-breaks. Its leaves 
are altenate, irregular, ovate, and accuminate. The small solitary 
flowers have many creamy white petals, and are very fragrant. 
The yellow fruit is about the size and shape of a small olive, con- 
tains a dry mealy pulp, and has one large, flat brown seed. 




Plate --Oirysophylluni, sp. 

One half natural size. 



54 



G. P. ]V. Collect ion. PlATE XXV. 

Spoiidias diilcis. 

WI. 

This deciduous tree is said to be a native of the Society Islands, 
and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres. It is a large, 
spreading and graceful tree, reaching a height of from 30-50 
feet. Its pinnate leaves are green and glossy ; the leaflets are 
oval-oblong and opposite . The foliage is shed from December 
until April. The flowers are paniculate, small, and greenish- 
white. The fruit, which ripens from November until April, is 
a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, from 1-3 inches in diameter; it 
has a thin, smooth golden-yellow skin, which has a rather sour 
disagreeable odor. The fleshy pulp is light yellow, is mellow 
when quite ripe, and has a sub-acid delicious flavor, compared 
by some to the pineapple. Within this pulp is embedded a 1-5 
loculed bony endocarp, which contains generally one seed. This 
endocarp is covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp. 

The first \\\ tree in Hawaii was planted at the residence of 
John S. Walker, Xuuanu Valley. 




Plate XXW—Spondias dulcis. 

Onethiid natural size. 



56 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE XXVI. 

Spondias lutca. 

HOG PLUM. 

This tree is a native of the West Indies, where it is commonly 
called the Hog- Plum, and is used there for fattening swine. In 
Jamaica it grows well, up to an elevation of 4000 feet. It is a 
large, graceful tree, about 50 feet high, with spreading branches, 
and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit. The pinnate leaves 
are a clear green, the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, and the golden- 
yellow fruit hangs in clusters. It ripens in September and Octo- 
ber. The fruit is ovoid, about i inch long; it has a smooth skin, 
with a disagreeable odor. There is one large seed, which re- 
sembles the husk of a ground-nut. This fruit has somewhat the 
flavor of the pineapple, and is cooling and aromatic. To my 
knowledge there is but one tree of this kind in bearing in the 
Hawaiian Islands, and that is growing in private grounds in 
Honolulu. 



57 




Plate Y^Y^W.—Hog Plum. 

One half natural size. 



5S 



G. P. If. Collection. PlATE XXVII. 

Mammea amerlcana. 

MAM M EE APPLE. 

The Mammee Apple, which grows well in Hawaii, is a native 
of the West Indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical coun- 
tries. In Jamaica it thrives well, up to an elevation of 3000 feet. 
The tree attains a height of from 30-40 feet, and the wood, which 
is beautifully grained, is durable and well adapted to building 
purposes. Its leaves are rigid and leathery. The round seeds, 
varying in number from 1-4, germinate freely, and the young 
plants are easily raised. The fruit is from 3-6 inches in dia- 
meter, is brown or russet color, and has a yellow juicy pulp, 
which is sweet and aromatic. The outer rind, as well as the pulp 
immediately surrounding the seeds, is very bitter. The fruit 
may be eaten raw, and is also very delicious when preserved. 



59 




Plate Y.Y.W\.~Mamniee Apple. 

One fourth natural size. 



6o 



G. P. W. Collection PlATE XXVIII. 

Tamarindns indie a. 

TAMARIND. 

The name is derived from Tamar, Arabic for Date, and Indus, 
Indian; thus literally meaning- Indian Date. It is a native of the, 
Indies, Egypt and Arabia. The tree is never leafless, and the 
foliage is graceful, pinnated and acacia-like. It bears one crop a 
year, the season varying somewhat according to the location and 
elevation. It yields a handsome, hard and close-grained furniture 
wood, which is yellowish-white, with occasional red streaks in it ; 
the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple. The pods are thick, 
linear, dark brown in color, and from 3-6 inches long. The seeds 
vary in number. The pulp surrounding the seeds has a pleasant 
acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis of a delici- 
ous cooling beverage. This pulp is called the fruit, while the pod 
is spoken of as the shell. The Tamarind is propagated from both 
seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of the noblest of our 
tropical trees. 



6i 




Plate YJ^^IW.— Tamarind. 

One half natural size. 



62 



G. p. W. Collection. PlatE XXIX. 

Diirio aibefhiniis. 

DURION. 

This fine tree attains a height of from 60-80 feet; it derives 
its name from the Malay word dury, a thorn, in reference to the 
prickly covering of the fruit. The leaves, which are a light glossy 
green on the upper surface, are alternate, entire, elliptical and 
acute. The yellowish-white flowers are large. The fruit, which 
is either globular or oval, sometimes measures 10 inches in length. 
It has a hard rind, covered with thornv warts or spines, and 
externally looks not unlike a breadfruit. When ripe, it is brown- 
ish-yellow, and, when opened at its lower end, shows 5 longi- 
tudinal sections or cells, each containing from 1-4 seeds about 
the size of a pigeon's egg. The edible pulp surrounding the seeds 
is firm and cream-colored. The Durion is remarkable for its com- 
bination of an absolutely dehcious flavor, and an abominably 
offensive odor. To my knowledge there is but one tree in bear- 
ing in the Hawaiian Islands ,and that is growing in private 
grounds at Lihue, Kauai. 



63 




Plate XX.\X—Durion. 

One third natural size. 



64 



G. P. IV. Collection . PlATE XXX. 

Alcurifcs triloba. 

CANDLE-NUT KUKUI-NUT. 

The name Aleiirites is from the Greek word signifying flour : as 
the tree, so easily recognizable from afar off by the pale hue of 
its foliage, appears to be dustea over with flour. It is a hand- 
some, soft wood, evergreen tree, growing to a height of from 
40-60 feet, and is widely spread over tropical Polynesia, and a 
great part of Malaysia ; and by all branches of the Polynesian 
race, it is called by the same name : Kukui or Tutui. The natives, 
tattooed their skins with a black dye which they prepared from 
the juice which is found in the fleshy covering of the green fruit. 
The leaves are alternate, 3-5 lobed, pubescent, and have long 
petioles. The yellowish-green flowers are in terminal clusters. 
The fruit is spherical, from 1-2 inches in diameter, and light- 
green in color. It contains one or more nuts, or seeds, which 
have a very hard bony shell, the surface of which is uneven like 
the shell of a walnut. The kernals of this nut, when dried, were 
strung together, or bound on sticks, and served the natives for 
torches or candles : thus the English name of Candlenut Tree. 
The oil obtained from the nut was used by the Hawaiians for 
burning in stone lamps. The kernel, when baked, pounded, and 
mixed with salt and Chili peppers, makes a brown paste which is 
very appetizing. This is esteemed by the Hawaiians, who call it 
"Inamona " 



65 




Plate ^y^^.^Candle Xut (Kiikiii Nut). 

One third natural size. 



66 



Plate XXXI. 

Coffea arahica. 

ARABIAN COFFEE. 

The Coffee-tree is said to be a native of Abyssinia. Two 
species, the Arabian and the Liberian, are now cultivated through- 
out the tropics. The use of coffee was known in Arabia long 
before it was introduced to Europeans in the sixteenth century. 
The Dutch were the first to introduce the plant into Europe. The 
Arabian Coffee-tree is low-growing, and bears one crop annually ; 
its leaves are elliptico-oblong, acuminate, generally from 3-6 
inches long, and are thin and shiny. The white flowers appear in 
clusters, and are very fragrant. The berries are ovoid, fleshy 
and bright red. In this berry, are found the two seeds, which 
constitute the coffee of commerce. The Coffee-tree was intro- 
duced into Hawaii about 1823, by a Frenchman, who established 
a. small plantation in Manoa Valley, Oahu. The tree is now well 
naturalized in the woods of Kona, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the 
Islands, and flourishes up to an elevation of from 1000-2C00 feet. 



G. P IV. Collection, 




Plaie XXXI. — Arabian Coffee. 

One half natural size. 



(8 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE XXXII. 

Coffea lib eric a. 

LIBERIAN COFFEE, 

This species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage, 
and is a rich bearer. Its leaves are from 6-12 inches long. The 
white flowers come in dense clusters, and are more robust and 
productive than are those of the Arabica. The berries are nearly 
spherical, and in color, are a dull crimson. The pulp is large in 
proportion to the size of the seeds. Although this variety has 
not become popular in Hawaii, it is claimed that it will grow at 
a much lower elevation than will the Arabica, and the flavor is 
said to be very fine. 




Plate XXXIl. — Liberian Coffee. 

One half natural size. 



JO 



G. P. IV. Collection. PlATE XXXIII. 

Cookia punctata. 

WAMPI. 

This odorous tree is a native of China. It is a symmetrical 
evergreen with dense foliage. The light mossy-green leaves are 
imparipinnate, the leaflets ovate-repand and they are rough on the 
under surface. The flowers, which are borne in clusters, on the 
new wood, are small, yellow, and very fragrant. The fruit ripens 
from June until October it is about the size of a gooseberry ; 
the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded with green. The pulp is sub- 
acid with a balsamic fragrance. It contains one large seed about 
the size of a kernel of corn. There are two varieties, the sweet 
and the sour ; both may be eaten raw, and are very highly prized 
by the Chinese. I know of but one tree of this kind in the Ha- 
waiian Islands, it is of the sour variety, and is growing in a 
private garden in Honolulu. 



71 




Plate XXXIII.— f/^?;////. 



G. P. If. Collection. 1'LaTE XXXIV. 

Phy sails peruviana. 

CAPE GOOSEBERRY POHA. 

This shrub or bush, is a native of Brazil, but is naturaHzed in 
many warm countries. It stands partially erect, reaching a 
height of from 13-^-3 feet. Its pointed leaves, heart-shaped at 
the base, are very fuzzy. The open, bell-shaped flowers are yel- 
low in color. The fruit, which is about the size of a cherry, is 
enclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like husk, which is quite hairy. 
When ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a delicious sub-acid pulp, 
filled with minute seeds. The Poha may be eaten raw, but is 
much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly. The dried 
fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. In Hawaii, the Poha 
thrives best in the cool elevations. 



7? 




Plate XXXiW- Cape Gooseberry (Poha) 



74 



G. P. W. Collection. pLATE XXXV 

Carica Papaya. 
PAPAIA (fruit, female tree). 

The Papaya is a native of South America ; it is found in Florida, 
and in many other parts of tropical America ; it was early intro- 
duced into Hawaii, grows and bears well in almost any locality. 
It is a small tree, with a hollow branchless trunk ; is of short 
vitality, and is suitable only to regions free from frost, and re- 
quires perfect drainage. There are two varieties, the tall and the 
dwarf, but there are numerous variations as to shape and quality 
of the fruit. The soft green leaves, often measuring two feet 
across, are variously palmated, and have simple, long hollow 
stems. The Papaya is usually dioceous ; the fruit-bearing tree is 
called the female, it is claimed that trees of both sexes should bs 
planted near each other, in order to ensure a good yield. The 
female flowers, which appear from the axils of the leaves, are 
yellowish-white, are single or 2-3 together. 

The fruit of the Papaya ripens successively. It is either round 
or oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. The skin is thin, 
and is bright yellow when ripe. The firm yellow pulp has a deli- 
cious flavor, and the milky juice contains a digestive principle 
similar to pepsine. The seed-cavity is large, and is filled with 
many small seeds which are enveloped, in a loose mucus coat, with 
a brittle, pitted testa. When fresh these seeds germinate readily. 



75 




Plate XXXY.—Papaia (fruit, female tiee). 



76 



G. P. W. Collection. PlatE XXXVI. 

Carica Papaya. 
PAPAIA (fruit, male tree). 

The size, shape, fohage and general appearance of this tree, is 
the same as that of the preceding variety. Its flowers appear on 
long stems, are funnel-shape, and have five lobes. The m.ale tree 
sometimes produces fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality. 
A good sample may be seen from the accompanying illustration. 

I know of no method whereby one can, by any selection of 
seeds, produce with any degree of certainty, plants of either male 
or female variety. 



77 




Plate XXXVI.— T^^/am (fruit, male tree). 



MAY 13 1907 




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